Chiromancy Is the Art of Fortune Telling by Reading What

"Cheirology" redirects here. For manual alphabets, see Fingerspelling. For sign-language phonology, meet Cherology.

Foretelling the future through the report of the palm

A fortune-teller conducting a palm reading, with lines and mounts marked out on the person's left palm

Palmistry, as well known every bit palm reading, chiromancy, or chirology, is the practise of fortune-telling through the study of the palm. The practice is found all over the world, with numerous cultural variations. Those who practice chiromancy are generally called palmists, hand readers, hand analysts, or chirologists.

There are many and often conflicting— interpretations of various lines and palmar features across various teachings of palmistry. Palmistry is practiced by the Hindu Brahmins, and is also indirectly referenced in the Book of Job.^{[i] [2]} The contradictions between different interpretations, as well as the lack of evidence for palmistry's predictions, accept caused palmistry to be viewed every bit a pseudoscience by academics.^{[3] [iv]}

History [edit]

Aboriginal palmistry [edit]

Palmistry is a do common to many different places on the Eurasian landmass;^[v] it has been practiced in the cultures of Sumeria, Babylonia, Arabia, Canaan, Persia, India, Nepal, Tibet and China.

The acupuncturist Yoshiaki Omura describes its roots in Hindu astrology (known in Sanskrit as jyotish), Chinese Yijing (I Ching), and Roma fortune tellers.^[6] Several thousand years ago, the Hindu sage Valmiki is idea^{[7] [ better source needed ]} to have written a volume comprising 567 stanzas, the title of which translates in English language as The Teachings of Valmiki Maharshi on Male Palmistry.^{[vii] [viii]} From Republic of india, the art of palmistry spread to China, Tibet and to other countries in Europe.^{[six] [ix]}

Palmistry likewise progressed independently in Greece where Anaxagoras practiced information technology.^{[half dozen]} Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) reportedly discovered a treatise on the subject of palmistry on an altar of Hermes, which he then presented to Alexander the Great (356–323 B.C.Due east.), who took swell interest in examining the character of his officers by analyzing the lines on their hands.^{[10] [11]} A affiliate of a 17th-century sex manual, misattributed to Aristotle, is occasionally incorrectly cited as being the treatise in question. The text it is not contained in his canonical works.

Palmistry is indirectly referenced in the Book of Task,^{[1] [ii]} which is dated by scholars to between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE.^[12]

In Renaissance magic, palmistry (known as "chiromancy") was classified equally one of the seven "forbidden arts", forth with necromancy, geomancy, aeromancy, pyromancy, hydromancy, and spatulamancy (scapulimancy).^[13] During the 16th century the art of palmistry was actively suppressed by the Cosmic Church building. Both Pope Paul IV and Pope Sixtus 5 issued papal edicts against diverse forms of divination, including palmistry.^[14]

Modern palmistry [edit]

Cheiro, an influential exponent of palmistry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Palmistry experienced a revival in the modern era starting with Captain Casimir Stanislas D'Arpentigny'due south publication La Chirognomie in 1839.^[9]

The Chirological Society of Great britain was founded in London past Katharine St. Hill in 1889 with the stated aim to advance and systematise the fine art of palmistry and to prevent charlatans from abusing the art.^{[15] [16]} Edgar de Valcourt-Vermont (Comte C. de Saint-Germain) founded the American Chirological Social club in 1897.

A pivotal effigy in the mod palmistry movement was the Irish William John Warner, known by his sobriquet, Cheiro. After studying nether gurus in India, he set up upwards a palmistry exercise in London and enjoyed a wide post-obit of famous clients from around the world, including famous celebrities like Mark Twain, W. T. Stead, Sarah Bernhardt, Mata Hari, Oscar Wilde, Grover Cleveland, Thomas Edison, the Prince of Wales, Full general Kitchener, William Ewart Gladstone, and Joseph Chamberlain. So popular was Cheiro every bit a "society palmist" that fifty-fifty those who were not believers in the occult had their hands read by him. The skeptical Mark Twain wrote in Cheiro's visitor'southward book that he had "exposed my character to me with humiliating accurateness".

Edward Heron-Allen, an English polymath, published various works including the 1883 book, Palmistry – A Manual of Cheirosophy, which is all the same in print.^{[9] [17]} There were attempts at formulating some sort of scientific footing for the art, well-nigh notably in the 1900 publication The Laws of Scientific Hand Reading by William Gurney Benham.^[18]

In 1970, Parker Brothers published a game designed by Maxine Lucille Fiel called "Bear on-Game of Palmistry" which allowed players accept "palm reading and analysis" through selecting cards that matched designated palm features.^[xix]

Some of the lines of the hand in palmistry:

1. Life line
2. Head line
3. Eye line
4. Girdle of Venus
5. Sun line
6. Mercury line
7. Fate line

The mounts in palmistry: Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo, Mercury, Mars positive, Mars negative, evidently of Mars, Luna mount, Neptune mount, Venus mountain ^[20]

Criticism [edit]

Criticism of palmistry oftentimes rests with the lack of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy. Scientific literature typically regards palmistry equally a pseudoscientific or superstitious belief.^[21] Psychologist and noted skeptic Ray Hyman has written:^[22]

I started reading palms in my teens as a way to supplement my income from doing magic and mental shows. When I started I did not believe in palmistry. But I knew that to "sell" it I had to human activity as if I did. After a few years I became a house believer in palmistry. One 24-hour interval the tardily Stanley Jaks, who was a professional person mentalist and a man I respected, tactfully suggested that it would brand an interesting experiment if I deliberately gave readings reverse to what the lines indicated. I tried this out with a few clients. To my surprise and horror my readings were just as successful every bit always. Ever since then I accept been interested in the powerful forces that convince united states of america, reader and customer alike, that something is and then when it really isn't.

Skeptics often include palmists on lists of alleged psychics who practice common cold reading. Cold reading is the practice that allows readers of all kinds, including palmists, to appear psychic past using high-probability guessing and inferring details based on signals or cues from the other person.^{[23] [24]}

Although some Christians condemn palmistry as a form of divination, Jewish and Christian traditions are largely clashing about divination in full general.^[25] While some specific practices such equally necromancy and astrology are condemned by biblical authors, other practices such as dream interpretation, casting of lots, and the apply of Urim and Thummim are not.^{[26] [27]} During the 16th century the Catholic Church condemned the practise of palmistry.^[fourteen] All the same, there is a long tradition of practicing palmistry within both Jewish and Christian mysticism,^[28] and some practitioners, such equally Comte C. de Saint-Germain, have argued that the Bible does not oppose it.^[29]

However, Islam strongly condemns divination in all forms and considers palmistry haram (forbidden).^[30] The Quran states that "Y'all are also forbidden to seek knowledge of your fate by divining arrows." (Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:iii).^[31] Those that practice such divination are explicitly called "angels" (Sahih Al-Bukhari Hadith viii.232).^[32]

Encounter also [edit]

• List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
• Alectryomancy
• Chironomia
• Digit ratio
• Guidonian hand
• Phrenology
• Reflexology
• Unmarried transverse palmar crease
• Tarot

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Job 37:7
2. ^ ^{a b} Harwood, William (2011). Dictionary of Gimmicky Mythology (third ed.). Oklahoma City: World Audience. p. 263. ISBN978-1544601403.
3. ^ Park, Michael Alan (1986). "Palmistry or HandJive?". In Frazier, Kendrick (ed.). Science Confronts the Paranormal. Prometheus. pp. 198–201. ISBN978-1-61592-619-0.
4. ^ Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas; Furnham, Adrian (2010). The Psychology of Personnel Selection. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN978-0-521-86829-7. A more pop pseudoscience is chiromancy (or palmistry), the art of characterisation and foretelling the future through the study of the palm.
5. ^ Dwivedi 1970, pp. xvi–20
6. ^ ^{a b c} Omura 2003, pp. 172–174 According to this theory, palmistry adult in India and so extended across the world.
7. ^ ^{a b} Dwivedi 1970, pp. 25–26
8. ^ Sharma 1995, p. 95
9. ^ ^{a b c} Chinn 2000, p. 24: "Information technology was non until the mid- to belatedly nineteenth century that palmreading took off in Great britain, France and the United States thanks to iii major figures: Casimir Stanislas d'Arpentigny, Edward Heron-Allen and Cheiro."
10. ^ James, Brandon. "PALMISTRY". Archived from the original on 17 December 2008.
11. ^ Benham, William George (1900). The Laws of Scientific Hand Reading: A Practical Treatise on the Fine art Commonly Called Palmistry. Putnam.
12. ^ Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick J. (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. p. 193. ISBN978-0-8028-4636-5.
13. ^ Johannes Hartlieb (Munich, 1456) The Book of All Forbidden Arts; quoted in Láng, p. 124.
14. ^ ^{a b} Byrne, Laura (8 Oct 2013). "Palm Reading". 1000 Things. Purple University of Fine Fine art in The Hague. Retrieved x Nov 2020.
15. ^ "The London Cheirological Club".
16. ^ Guiley, Rosemary (2006). The Encyclopedia of Magic and Abracadabra. New York: Facts On File. pp. 240–241. ISBN1438130007.
17. ^ Heron-Allen 2008
18. ^ "Palmistry: Origins & History" (PDF).
19. ^ "Maxine Fifty. Fiel obituary". Post Star. Glens Falls, New York. 28 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020.
20. ^ Sara Sirolli (2008). "Palmistry diagram of hand".
21. ^ Preece, P. F.; Baxter, J. H. (2000). "Scepticism and gullibility: The superstitious and pseudo-scientific beliefs of secondary school students". International Journal of Science Pedagogy. 22 (xi): 1147–1156. Bibcode:2000IJSEd..22.1147P. doi:x.1080/09500690050166724. S2CID 143202676.
22. ^ Hyman, Ray (1976–77). "Common cold Reading: How to Convince Strangers That You Know All about Them". Zetetic. 1 (2): xviii–37.
23. ^ Vernon, David (1989). Donald Laycock; David Vernon; Colin Groves; Simon Chocolate-brown (eds.). Skeptical – A Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Canberra: Imagecraft. p. 44. ISBN0-7316-5794-ii.
24. ^ Steiner, Bob. (2002). Cold Reading. In Michael Shermer. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 63–66. ISBN i-57607-654-7
25. ^ Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 2373. ISBN9780028657332.
26. ^ Reddie, Anthony Yard., ed. (2016). Black Theology, Slavery and Contemporary Christianity: 200 Years and No Apology. London: Routledge. p. 206. ISBN9781317173830.
27. ^ Dennis, Geoffrey Westward. (2016). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic & Mysticism (2nd ed.). Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications. pp. 109–110. ISBN9780738745916.
28. ^ Roth, Cecil, ed. (1972). Encyclopaedia Judaica. New York: Macmillan. pp. 478–480.
29. ^ Saint-Germain, Comte C. de (1935). Practical Palmistry: Hand Reading Simplified (New illustrated ed.). Chicago: Albert Whitman. pp. 18–xix.
30. ^ "Palmistry in Islam". Islamweb - Fatwas.
31. ^ "Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:1-5". Towards Agreement the Quran - Quran Translation Commentary - Tafheem ul Quran.
32. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, eight:1:232

Further reading [edit]

• Magda van Dijk-Rijneke Universal Manus Analysis, 2017 Elmar Publishers ISBN 9789038925912
• Chauran, Alexandra (2013). Palmistry Every Day. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN978-0-7387-3494-one.
• Saint-Germain, Comte C. de. Practical Palmistry. Laird & Lee Publishers; Chicago, 1897.
• Heron-Allen, Edward (2008). Palmistry - A Manual of Cheirosophy (reprint ed.). Baltzell Printing. ISBN978-1-4437-6535-0.
• Chinn, Sarah E. (2000). Technology and the logic of American racism . Continuum. ISBN978-0-8264-4750-0.
• Omura, Yoshiaki (2003). Acupuncture Medicine: Its Historical and Clinical Groundwork. Dover Publications Inc. ISBN978-0-486-42850-v.
• Cheiro (1916). Palmistry for All at Project Gutenberg
• Sharma, Hari Dutta (1995). The A-Z of Palmistry. New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd. ISBN978-81-207-1661-ii.
• Dwivedi, Bhorai (1970). Wonders of Palmistry. New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN978-81-284-0099-v.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to chiromancy.

• Palmistry - Skeptic's Dictionary.

bouchertheirth.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmistry

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